Material Collections

Natural and Healthy

Natural materials offer an exciting source of healthier alternatives to commonly used synthetic products. These collections of bio-based products include natural insulations, structural materials, packaging, foams, and fibers. Using bio-based alternatives such as these benefits human health, as many natural materials are free from toxic additives like flame retardants. Because they biodegrade at the end of their life, these materials benefit the health of the environment as well. Some of the products in these collections are available to view in person at the Donghia healthier Materials Library at Parsons.

5 Natural and Healthy

Animal

Humans aren't the only animals that can make building materials. The products in this collection come from materials produced by animals, and with their natural performance properties, can offer alter...

Plant

Innovations in manufacturing have led to the invention of sustainable, plant-based products that dramatically reduce negative health and environmental impacts. Products made from organic materials lik...

Fungi-Based

Not just for chefs and hippies, mushrooms are becoming a viable form of building insulation, acoustical tile, and product packaging. The fungi-based products in this collection can provide great alter...

Bacterial

On the cutting edge of natural materials, some manufacturers are harnessing the power of bacteria to make exciting new products. In some cases, the living bacteria acts as a means to grow products fro...

Mineral

Drawn from the earth, the ingredients in mineral-based products offer natural solutions for painting, casting, insulation, and numerous other applications. Because they come from the earth, these prod...

Glossary

Affordable Housing

In general, housing for which the occupant(s) is/are paying no more than 30 percent of his or her income for gross housing costs, including utilities. Please note that some jurisdictions may define affordable housing based on other, locally determined criteria, and that this definition is intended solely as an approximate guideline or general rule of thumb.

Read more at HUD

Alkylphenols (APEs)

Alkylphenols are a large family of organic compounds used in a wide variety of products, including cleaning products, beauty products, contraceptives, coatings, fragrances, thermoplastics, carbonless copy paper, and agrochemicals. Most concerns are focused on alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs), which bioaccumulate and have been shown to cause endocrine disruption in fish. They are in cleaning products that end up in waterways from wastewater treatment effluent. Some alkylphenols, especially nonylphenol, are being phased out in Europe and more research into their impacts is needed. A few governments with environmentally preferable purchasing programs restrict or ban APEs.

Read more at Red List

Anything that causes an allergic reaction, such as pollen, dust mites, or animal dander (skin protein that flakes off).

Read more at CCCEH

Area Median Income (AMI)

A term of art used by some federal programs to describe published income standards for various areas of the country that are used as benchmarks for determining households’ eligibility for federally funded programs. For example, homebuyers assisted with HOME or CDBG funds generally must have incomes at or below 80% of area median income. AMIs are calculated and published annually by HUD. “Median” means that half of all households in the area are estimated to have more than this amount of income.

Read more at Enterprise

Asbestos is a mineral fiber that is used in a variety of construction materials for its strength and heat resisting capabilities. It is often found in wall insulation, vinyl floor coverings, paint compounds, roofing, heat resistant fabrics, and automobile brakes. Exposure occurs as asbestos fibers are released into the air during use, demolition, work, building, or repairing asbestos-containing materials. Asbestos is a known human carcinogen, increasing risks of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis.

Read more at Red List

A substance that causes new cases of asthma.

Read more at USGBC

Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation is the increasing concentration of a toxic substance in a living organism as
it takes in contaminated air, water, or food because the substance is very slowly metabolized or
excreted.

Read more at USGBC

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture polycarbonate (clear, hard) plastics and epoxy resins. The plastics are used in many consumer products, such as drink bottles, DVDs, eyeglass lenses, electronics, car parts, and other products that must not break easily. Epoxy resins are used for lining food cans and water pipes, and for many sales receipts. Most recent testing has shown the largest health-related concern to be potential impacts on the brains, behavior, and prostate glands of fetuses, infants, and small children so most health organizations advise against the use of BPA for baby bottles and related products. BPA has also been found in breast milk.

Read more at Red List

Bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPS)

Bisphenols are industrial chemicals that have been used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins since the 1960s. Polycarbonate plastics are often used in containers that store food and beverages, such as water bottles. Epoxy resins are used to coat the inside of metal products, such as food cans, bottle tops and water supply lines. Some research has shown that bisphenols can seep into food or beverages from containers that are made with them. Exposure to bisphenols is a concern because of possible health effects to the brain, behavior and prostate gland of fetuses, infants and children.

Read more at Wikipedia

The US Department of Health and Human Services and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have determined that cadmium is a known human carcinogen, associated with lung cancer. Additionally, acute and long-term exposures can lead to lung and kidney damage, bone loss, hypertension. In sufficient quantities, cadmium is lethal. Cadmium’s extreme toxicity means that overexposure can occur even when only trace amounts are present, such as during smelting and electroplating activities.

Read more at Red List

A substance that can cause or contribute to cancer.

Read more at USGBC

CDPH Standard Method (Standard Method, 01350 Standard)

CDPH Standard Method is the "Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources Using Environmental Chambers” published by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH).

Read more at HPD-C

A substance represented by a single Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number (CAS#).

Read more at C2C

Chemical Abstract Services Registration Number (CAS Number, CAS RN)

Read more at HPD-C

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) and Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE)

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) and Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE) are Persistent Organic Pollutant Source Materials: due to their carbon-chlorine bases, these products contribute to the creation of dioxins and furans at different points in their life cycle (often manufacturing and/or disposal). According to the World Health Organization, dioxins are some of the most potent toxins known to humans, with no known safe limit for exposure and a strong propensity for bioaccumulation. In addition, dioxins are highly persistent in the environment. Similarly, furans accumulate in animal fat, concentrating as they travel up the food chain. Non-chlorinated polyethylene products are readily available in many product categories.

Read more at Red List

Chlorobenzene is used primarily as a solvent, a degreaser for auto parts, and a chemical intermediary for making other chemicals, so exposures is primarily a risk to workers making or using it. Most exposures are through inhalation of fumes. Shortterm exposure can cause headaches, sleepiness, nausea, numbness, muscle spasms, and in extreme cases, unconsciousness. Chronic (long-term) exposure can cause increased signs of neurotoxicity (numbness, etc.) and irritation of the upper respiratory tract. In animals, chronic exposure has also caused kidney and liver damage. Chlorobenzene is broken down by sun and bacteria in the environment and does not accumulate in the food chain.

Read more at Red List

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

According to USEPA, the depletion of the Earth’s protective ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (or CFCs) is responsible for an increased incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, impairment of human immune systems, and damage to wildlife. CFCs have been banned from production in the United States since 1995.

Read more at Red List

Chloroprene (Neoprene)

Chloroprene is a Persistent Organic Pollutant Source Material. Due to its carbonchlorine base, it contributes to the creation of dioxins at different points in its life cycle (often manufacturing and/or disposal). According to the World Health Organization, dioxins are some of the most potent toxins known to humans, with no known safe limit for exposure and a strong propensity for bioaccumulation. In addition, dioxins are highly persistent in the environment.

Read more at Red List

Although chromium is a naturally occurring element and chromium III (trivalent chrome) is an essential nutrient, chromium VI (hexavalent chrome) can cause serious health issues, especially for factory workers who can inhale or ingest it during manufacturing. There has been concern about it in drinking water and, lacking EPA maximum allowable levels, the State of California set a public health goal for it. Chromium VI is used primarily for chrome plating of metals for decorative or protective finishes, making stainless steel, leather tanning, anti-corrosive agents for paints, and in textile dyes and pigments. Long-term or high-level exposure through inhalation can cause nasal irritation and ulcers, breathing problems, and nasal and lung cancer in unprotected workers. Ingestion can cause anemia and/or stomach tumors. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers and allergic reactions.

Read more at Red List

constituent (Intentionally Used Substance)

An Intentionally Used Substance that is intended to be incorporated into the final material/mixture — that is, for which the performance characteristics (including cost reduction) are desired parts of the final material/mixture.

Read more at HPD-C

A general umbrella term for everything in a product or part (homogenous materials and/or chemical substances).

Read more at HPD-C

dermal absorption

A route of exposure by which substances enter the body through the skin.

Read more at USGBC

The reporting by manufacturers about product ingredients, impacts, or other attributes to the public or to third parties.

Read more at USGBC

The practice of recycling a material in such a way that much of its inherent value is degraded (e.g. recycling plastic into park benches) revealing poor design of a lifecycle and the related material flows.

endocrine disruptors

A substance that mimics, blocks, or interferes with hormones and their production, metabolism, and excretion causing malfunction of the endocrine system which can lead to malfunction of the reproductive, nervous, and immune systems.

Read more at USGBC

EPD (Environmental Product Declaration)

A standardized format for communicating the environmental effects associated with a product’s or system’s raw materials extraction, energy use, chemical makeup, waste generation, and emissions to air, soil, and water.

Read more at USGBC

Contact with a substance through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption.

Read more at USGBC

exposure pathways

The way in which people are exposed to radiation or other contaminants. The three basic pathways are inhalation (contaminants are taken into the lungs), ingestion (contaminants are swallowed) and direct (external) exposure (contaminants cause damage from outside the body).

Read more at EPA

GreenScreen (GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals)

GreenScreen is a method for comparative chemical hazard assessment. It is used to assess the inherent hazards of chemicals and their potential effect on human health and the environment. The List Translator score (LT-) is a designation based on initial stand-alone screening of a substance against GreenScreen authoritative hazard lists. The Benchmark score (BM-) is a designation based on a full GreenScreen assessment, which includes a comprehensive review of all available information including 1) measured data from standardized tests and scientific literature, 2) estimated data from suitable analogs and models, 3) hazard lists. Both are free, public protocols; however, a full assessment used for a public claim must be completed by a licensed profiler.

Read more at HPD-C

Halogenated Fire Retardants (HFRs)

Halogenated Fire Retardants (HFRs) are a broad class of flame retardants containing chlorine or bromine that have aroused concern due to their exponential accumulation in human beings in recent years. HFRs are persistent bioaccumulative toxins, meaning that they accumulate in organisms and the broader environment, often reaching alarmingly high concentrations as they travel up the food chain. In addition, certain halogenated products have shown evidence of harm to humans and other animal species. According to the Washington State Department of Ecology, for example, the toxicity endpoints of concern for Penta-PBDE include adverse effects on neurological development, reproduction, thyroid hormone disruption and possible liver toxicity.

Read more at Red List

The inherent capacity of a substance to cause an adverse effect to health or the environment. “Hazard” is not synonymous with “risk” and/or “exposure”.

Read more at HPD-C

health endpoint (Hazard Type)

An effect of exposure to a toxic chemical, such as carcinogenicity or reproductive toxicity. RSEI considers both cancer and non-cancer chronic human health endpoints in calculating toxicity weights.

Read more at RSEI

Health Product Declaration (HPD)

A standardized format, managed by the Health Product Declaration Collaborative, for reporting building product contents and their known associated hazard data.

Read more at HPD-C

High-Touch Surfaces (High-Contact Surfaces)

Surfaces that are frequently touched by building users and occupants such as door knobs, hand rails and tables.

Read more at WELL

Highly Fluorinated Chemicals

Highly fluorinated chemicals are used in cookware, clothing, outdoor apparel, carpeting, and food packaging to provide oil- and water resistant properties. They are persistent in the environment and have been detected in humans and biota all over the globe. In humans, some highly fluorinated chemicals have been associated with kidney and testicular cancer, thyroid disruption, elevated total cholesterol, and obesity.

Read more at Six Classes

Homogeneous Material

Homogeneous Material is a uniform solid, liquid, or gas composed of one or more substances that cannot be mechanically disjointed, in principle. It may be a chemical formulation or compound; of undefinable composition (UVCB); or a combination of the two. Coatings and finishes such as plating, powder coats, enamels, etc. are considered unique homogeneous materials.

Read more at HPD-C

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are potent ozone-depleting compounds. While less destructive than the now-banned chlorofluorocarbons, HCFCs are targeted for gradual phase-out by the US EPA with a total ban going into effect in the year 2030. According to USEPA, the depletion of the Earth’s protective ozone layer is responsible for an increased incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, impairment of human immune systems, and damage to wildlife.

Read more at Red List

An unintended substance present in a material/mixture as manufactured that was not an intentionally used substance in the production of the material/mixture. It may originate from the starting materials or be the result of secondary or incomplete reactions during the manufacturing process. For example, a chemical substance as supplied in commerce that is 99.0% pure is a mixture of the pure chemical substance and 1.0% of impurities.

Read more at HPD-C

A route of exposure by which substances enter the body through the mouth.

Read more at USGBC

A route of exposure by which substances enter the body through the act
of breathing.

Read more at USGBC

intentionally used substance

Any chemical substance that is used in the production of the homogeneous material/mixture, whether or not it is intended to remain in the manufacturer’s finished product. This includes all substances used in production, whether used by the product manufacturer or by an upstream supplier.

Read more at HPD-C

A class of highly reactive chemicals used in the manufacture of flexible and rigid foams, fibers, coatings, and elastomers.

Read more at USGBC

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the environmental levels of lead have increased more than 1000-fold over the last three centuries, due almost exclusively to human activities. Lead exposure is damaging to virtually every organ and system in the human body, but is particularly damaging to the brain and central nervous system—profoundly so for young children and developing fetuses. Lead exposure is correlated with decreased IQ and delayed learning in children; scientific research has identified no safe level of lead exposure, and effects are irreversible.

Read more at Red List

life cycle thinking

An informal thought process for considering all of a product’s impacts from cradle to grave

Read more at USGBC

Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC)

A tax incentive intended to increase the availability of low-income housing. The program provides an income tax credit to owners of newly constructed or substantially rehabilitated low-income rental housing projects.

Read more at Enterprise

A group of one or more chemicals that together comprise a component or input to a finished product.

Read more at C2C

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or (SDS)

A manufacturer-provided form that contains brief information regarding chemical and physical hazards, health effects, proper handling, storage, and personal protection appropriate for use of a particular chemical in an occupational environment. MSDSs are being replaced by safety data sheets under the Globally Harmonized System (adapted from EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Glossary).

Read more at USGBC

According to the World Health Organization, mercury produces a suite of ill effects, including harm to the nervous, digestive and immune systems, and even death. WHO lists children and developing fetuses as especially vulnerable to damage from mercury. Mercury bioaccumulates in the environment, eventually reaching concentrations thousands of times more intense than ambient levels.

Read more at Red List

Molds are microscopic organisms that play an important role in the breakdown of plant and animal matter. Outdoors, molds can be found in shady, damp areas, or places where leaves or other vegetation is decomposing. Indoor molds can grow on virtually any surface, as long as moisture, oxygen, and organic material are present. When molds are disturbed, they release tiny cells called spores into the surrounding air.

Read more at NIH

A substance that can induce an alteration in the structure of DNA (EPA IRIS Glossary)

Read more at USGBC

A substance intentionally engineered to achieve size-dependent properties and functions with one or more external dimensions or an internal structure measuring less than 100 nanometers.

Read more at HPD-C

A substance that can damage the central nervous system.

Read more at USGBC

The use of human health, environmental, and other product information by project teams to select preferable materials and products, and by manufacturers to improve materials and products

Read more at USGBC

An infectious biological agent such as bacteria, virus and fungus that is capable of causing disease in its host.

Read more at WELL

per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS, Perfluorinated Chemicals, PFCs)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), are a group of man-made chemicals. These chemicals, which include PFOA, PFOS, and PTFE, are widely used to make products more resistant to stains, grease, and water. They are commonly found in nonstick cookware, waterproofed clothing, and stain-resistant sofas and carpets. PFAS are persistent in the environment, and exposure to these chemicals has been linked with adverse health effects. Studies on laboratory animals have shown developmental and reproductive, kidney and liver, and immunological effects. The most common findings from human epidemiology studies link PFAS to increased cholesterol levels, low infant birth rates, immunological problems, cancer, and thyroid hormone disruption.

Read more at EPA

Persistant Organic Pollutant (POP)

A chemical substance that persists in the environment, bioaccumulates through the food chain, and poses a risk of harming human health and the environment (adapted from the United Nations Environment Programme).

Read more at USGBC

Persistant, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substance (PBT)

A highly toxic, long-lasting substance that can build up in the food chain to levels that are harmful to human and ecosystem health (EPA PBT Chemical Program).

Read more at USGBC

A general term that describes the chemical substances used to destroy or control insect or plant pests. Many pesticides are manufactured and do not occur naturally in the environment. Others are natural toxins that are extracted from plants and animals.

Read more at EPA

Chemicals used to soften plastics in many consumer products, including children’s toys, plastic containers, and personal care products. Phthalates can seep out of these products, and studies have shown that phthalates can disrupt the endocrine system, which is the body’s system of regulating hormones.

Read more at CCCEH

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE)

One of a class of bromine-containing organic chemicals used as ﬂame retardants.

Read more at USGBC

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

PCB manufacturing in the US stopped in 1977 but the compound is long-lasting in the environment (mostly in soils) around old manufacturing and disposal sites, in old electrical transformers and electrical devices, and in fish and their predators. PCBs make good coolants, lubricants, and insulators for electrical equipment of all kinds. They are known to cause cancer in animals and are probable human carcinogens, but exposure tends to be limited to people who worked in the electrical industry many years ago, lived close to manufacturing sites, and/or ate contaminated fish. Health effects also include acne-like skin conditions and neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children.

Read more at Red List

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Small particles of pollution that get into the air when fuel is burned. PAH are carcinogenic. They are generally inhaled and can also enter the body when eating charred or blackened food.

Read more at CCCEH

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

PVC’s vinyl chloride monomer building block is a known human carcinogen, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services. In addition, PVC is a Persistent Organic Pollutant Source Material. Due to its chlorine content, PVC often contains other Red List ingredients, such as cadmium, lead, and phthalates. The manufacture and disposal of PVC can result in the production of dioxins and disposal phases. Dioxins, specifically TCDD, accumulate in human and animal tissue and are associated with immune system impairment, damage to developing nervous systems, and damage to the endocrine and reproductive systems. TCDD is listed as a “known human carcinogen” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Read more at Red List

Postconsumer Recycled Content (PostC)

Waste materials generated by households or by commercial, industrial and institutional facilities in their role as end-users of the product, which can no longer be used for their intended purpose.

Read more at HPD-C

precautionary principle

An approach to risk management that advocates measures to prevent harm when serious or irreversible damage is possible but scientiﬁc consensus is lacking.

Read more at USGBC

Preconsumer Recycled Content (PreC)

Post-industrial material diverted from the waste stream during a manufacturing process. Excluded from this category is re-utilization of materials such as scrap that are generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process.

Read more at HPD-C

Priority Hazard List

Authoritative chemical hazard list to be referenced when screening substances for hazard warnings, as compiled by the Health Product Declaration Collaborative. Selections are primarily based on criteria developed for the GreenScreen® for Safer Chemicals.

Read more at HPD-C

A finished good composed of homogeneous materials that are in turn made up of chemical substances. A product may be made of one or more homogeneous materials. A product may also be organized into parts, which are in turn made up of one or more homogenous materials. A product may also function as part of another product.

Read more at HPD-C

To collect and reprocess a material so it can be used again to make a new product. An example is collecting aluminum cans, melting them, and using the aluminum to make new cans or other products.

Read more at EPA

Practice of recovering or diverting content from the solid waste stream, either during the manufacturing process (pre-consumer/post-industrial) or after consumer use (post-consumer). A material can technically be recycled at least once after its initial use phase. At a minimum, the material’s physical and mechanical properties allow it to be re-melted or size reduced and used as filler with similar materials.

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicant

A substance that damages fertility, sexual function, and normal prenatal or early childhood development.

Read more at USGBC

An Intentionally Used Substance that may be present in the final material/mixture but is not intended as a constituent. For example, this may refer to substances included in a manufacturing process to aid processing, as well as inputs to a reaction process such as reagents, catalysts, monomers.

Read more at HPD-C

Restricted Substances List (RSL) (Red List, Priority Hazard List)

A list of substances that a given organization has determined to avoid based on regulation or evidence of potential human health or environmental harm.

Read more at USGBC

The likelihood that a living organism will be harmed if exposed to a hazard.

Read more at USGBC

Semivolatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

A carbon-containing (organic) substance that volatilizes relatively slowly at typical ambient conditions.

Read more at USGBC

The process of becoming allergic to a substance to which a person has been exposed. This process can occur before birth, during childhood, or in adulthood.

Read more at CCCEH

Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs)

SCCPs are most commonly used as lubricants and coolants in metal cutting and forming operations and are also used as secondary plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics, such as PVC. Human exposure can be occupational, via inhalation of metalworking mists, or through contaminated food and dermal contact. Environmental exposure is usually from manufacturing activities, such as production, disposal, incineration, spills into waterways, and sewage effluent. SCCPs are persistent and very bioaccumulative in sediment. They have been found in marine mammals, other biota, and human breast milk in both industrial and remote areas. Toxic effects on mammals can include liver, hormone, and kidney damage that over a long term could lead to cancer in those organs.

Read more at Red List

Styrene is a colorless, flammable liquid, which has a sweet odor and is highly volatile. Styrene is widely used to make plastics and rubber, which are used to manufacture a variety of products, such as insulation, pipes, automobile parts, printing cartridges, food containers, and carpet backing.

Read more at NIH

Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of and by its physical properties such as density, refractive index, electric conductivity, melting point, etc.22 (i.e., intentionally used substances, intentional reaction products, impurities).

Read more at HPD-C

Supportive Housing Program

This program is authorized by title IV of the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (the McKinney Act) (42 U.S.C. 11381–11389). The program is designed to promote the development of supportive housing and supportive services, including innovative approaches to assist homeless persons in the transition from homelessness, and to promote the provision of supportive housing to homeless persons to enable them to live as independently as possible.

Read more at HUD

toxic (Toxicant)

A poisonous substance that is naturally occurring (e.g., arsenic), synthetic (e.g., bisphenol A), or produced by a living organism (i.e., a toxin).

Read more at USGBC

The degree to which a substance can cause harm.

Read more at USGBC

A poisonous substance produced by a living organism, such as a snake, bee, or fungus. Toxins are a subclass of toxicants.

Read more at USGBC

Open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information.

Read more at EPA

Materials are applied with respect for their intrinsic value and their useful afterlife in recycled or even "upcycled" products, which have value and technological sophistication that may be higher than that of their original use. Upcycling is any measure and activity in the design phase targeting at optimal handling of products as nutrients

Urea Formaldehyde (Formaldehyde (Added))

Formaldehyde is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the State of California as a known human carcinogen. Common health effects at low levels of exposure to this volatile organic compound include irritation and sensitization as well as acting as an asthma trigger. Long-term exposure is associated with nasal cancers and leukemia.

Read more at Red List

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOCs are members of a large group of organic chemicals that can evaporate into the indoor air under normal temperature conditions and into the outdoor air, causing environmental impacts such as photochemical smog. Their health effects vary widely, from respiratory irritants to human carcinogens (such as formaldehyde), which is a concern since they are ingredients in many products in the built environment. On-site wet applied products (paints, adhesives, and sealants) are of particular concern because they can directly impact the health of installers who may not be using breathing or dermal protection, unlike in-factory wet applied materials that are (usually) applied with worker and environmental protections in place.

Read more at Red List